Cryogenics Essays - Industrial Gases, Food Preservation,

Cryogenics Cryogenics is a largely growing field, relatively innovative in the field of science and research. It deals with freezing temperatures below 150 degrees Celsius (-238 degrees Fahrenheit) using oxygen, helium I, helium II (which are both are chemically identical), and nitrogen. These are cooled to the point of liquidation and used to freeze diverse materials and substances. At these extreme conditions, such properties of materials as strength, thermal conductivity, ductility and electrical resistance are alteredmaterials at cryogenic temperatures are as close to a static and highly ordered state as possible. Cryogenics is more than the term for freezing, but more precisely for temperatures below 150 degrees Celsius. Cryogenic temperatures are achieved either by rapid evaporation of volatile liquids or by the expansion of gases confined initially at pressures of 150-200 atmospheres. This ability to freeze materials at such low temperature aids in the exploration of human research and d evelopment as well as freeze-dried foods, and aeronautics. Among the different materials that can be cryogenically frozen, food is almost certainly the most familiar one. Liquid nitrogen is used in this process by being sprayed onto the food. This causes the heat to completely absorb from the food and the food is then preserved. This is most commonly known as astronaut food and is not only used in space, but also for people needing to carry light loads like extreme hikers or mountain bikers. The human body can also be frozen in different ways and as a whole or in parts. Body parts such as a knee or elbow are frozen and can be later used for medical students or more recently in other people. Orthopedic tissue such as bone tendons like the quadriceps, Achilles and patellar tendons are transplanted after being cut and sized after being frozen to help better match the recipient. New tendons are doubled up for more strength and are stiffer. After the replacement surgery, the tendon will be stronger than it was will heal better. The meniscus is also being replaced in cryogenic surgery and becoming increasingly more popular. The pain a patient receives after the surgery was put into a scale called the Lysholm scale. Patients were asked to rate the overall severity of their pain on a scale of 0 to 10 with 0 representing no pain and 10 representing the worst pain imaginable. The average postoperative pain level was 2.7. Most patients were able to do most of the normal pivoting knee exercises that they were able to do prior to receiving the operation. Veins and blood vessels are cultivated for transportation from either one body to another or from one body part to another on the same person. These veins are used in vascular reconstruction. This replacement can save a patients entire appendage. A vein, specifically the saphenous vein, from a patient can be taken out and cryogenically preserved and transplanted in to the same persons heart in coronary bypass surgery. The human heart has recently been a major topic in cryogenic labs. In 1984, Cryolife (a corporation located in northeast Georgia) advanced cardiovascular medicine when it introduced and made commercially available cryopreserved human heart valves, providing cardiovascular surgeons with new, important and viable cardiac repair alternatives. This new heart works the same as a real valve does. Cryolife also preserves human aortic, pulmonary, and mitral heart valves that are all used as replacement alternatives. These surgeries are completed with another new item, BioGlue. This surgical adhesive is used with sutures and staples to aid in the healing process, making it easier and faster for it to heal. Both of these huge medical advances have been considered significant, allowing people to lead normal lives over again. Cryogenically preserved tissue that is cultivated is being used in new ways. [This] cryosurgery is being used for the treatment of Parkinson disease, the technique being based on the selective destruction of tissue by freezing it with a small cryogenic probe. A similar technique has also been employed to destroy brain tumors and to arrest cervical cancer. This can help a patient to recover quicker from surgery and there is a higher chance of a tumor not returning using this method. In this field of research, donors are key for continuation. With

Men of the Harlem Renaissance

Men of the Harlem Renaissance The Harlem Renaissance was a literary movement that began in 1917 with the publication of Jean Toomers Cane and ended with Zora Neale Hurstons novel, Their Eyes Were Watching God in 1937. Writers such as Countee Cullen, Arna Bontemps, Sterling Brown, Claude McKay, and Langston Hughes all made significant contributions to the Harlem Renaissance. Through their poetry, essays, fiction writing, and playwriting, these men all exposed various ideas that were important to African-Americans during the Jim Crow Era.   Countee Cullen In 1925, a young poet by the name of Countee Cullen published his first collection of poetry, entitled, Color. Harlem Renaissance  architect Alain Leroy Locke argued that Cullen was â€Å"a genius† and that his poetry collection transcends all of the limiting qualifications that might be brought forward if it were merely a work of talent. Two years earlier, Cullen proclaimed: If I am going to be a poet at all, I am going to be POET and not NEGRO POET. This is what has hindered the development of artists among us. Their one note has been the concern with their race. That is all very well, none of us can get away from it. I cannot at times. You will see it in my verse. The consciousness of this is too poignant at times. I cannot escape it. But what I mean is this: I shall not write of negro subjects for the purpose of propaganda. That is not what a poet is concerned with. Of course, when the emotion rising out of the fact that I am a negro is strong, I express it. During his career, Cullen published poetry collections including Copper Sun, Harlem Wine, the Ballad of the Brown Girl  and Any Human to Another.   He also served as editor of the poetry anthology Caroling Dusk,   which featured the work of other African-American poets.   Sterling Brown Sterling Allen Brown may have worked as an English professor but he was focused on documenting African-American life and culture present in folklore and poetry.  Throughout his career, Brown published literary criticism and anthologized African-American literature. As a poet, Brown has been characterized as having an â€Å"active, imaginative mind† and a â€Å"natural gift for dialogue, description, and narration,† Brown published two collections of poetry and published in various journals such as  Opportunity. Works published during the Harlem Renaissance include Southern Road; Negro Poetry and The Negro in American Fiction, Bronze booklet - no. 6.   Claude McKay   Writer and social activist  James Weldon Johnson  once said: Claude McKays poetry was one of the great forces in bringing about what is often called the Negro Literary Renaissance.† Considered one of the most prolific writers of the Harlem Renaissance,  Claude McKay used themes such as African-American pride, alienation, and desire for assimilation in his works of fiction, poetry, and nonfiction. In 1919, McKay published â€Å"If We Must Die† in response to the Red Summer of 1919. Poems such as â€Å"America† and â€Å"Harlem Shadows† followed.  McKay also published collections of poetry such as Spring in New Hampshire and Harlem Shadows; novels Home to Harlem, Banjo, Gingertown, and Banana Bottom.   Langston Hughes   Langston Hughes was one of the most prominent members of the Harlem Renaissance. His first collection of poetry Weary Blues was published in 1926. In addition to essays and poems, Hughes also was a prolific playwright.  In 1931, Hughes collaborated with writer and anthropologist Zora Neale Hurston to write  Mule Bone. Four years later, Hughes wrote and produced  The Mulatto.  The following year, Hughes worked with composer  William Grant Still  to create  Troubled Island.  That same year, Hughes also published  Little Ham  and  Emperor of Haiti.   Arna Bontemps   Poet Countee Cullen described fellow wordsmith Arna Bontemps as â€Å"at all times cool, calm, and intensely religious yet never takes advantage of the numerous opportunities offered them for rhymed polemics† in the introduction of the anthology Caroling Dusk. Although Bontemps never gained the notoriety of McKay or Cullen, he published poetry, childrens literature and wrote plays throughout the Harlem Renaissance. Also, Bontemps work as an educator and librarian allowed the works of the Harlem Renaissance to be accessible to generations that would follow.

The role realism plays in the Novel farewell to arms Research Paper

The role realism plays in the Novel farewell to arms - Research Paper Example He uses plain language that can clearly describe how real the actions in the novel were. Ernest’s novel resolves around the real happening of the world war. He brings in the real actions in a narration style. This style ensures that all the scenes and occurrence are described in clear and simple manner that makes it easier for the readers to understand them. The simple language used ensures that the description of the novel can have similar description from different readers since the narration in clear and does not need deep thinking, which bring make readers understand it differently (Halliday, 214). The theme of love, war, friendship, individualism, identity and patriotism are all described in a plain language that shows bow real were the occurrences. However, realism has played a big role in creating these themes and also characters. In the novel, war is has been glamorized. It has been described in a real way that shows clearly how the war was. War is described in a horri fied way according to how the ambulance driver views. War is a game where only the poor people are one who suffers. This is true even in the reality. In most cases, the poor are the one who are affected by war. This is evidenced in the novel where Henry eats the macaroni that was hit by the mortar. War is not a patriotic action but is a very tiresome activity. Rinaldi refers war as a disease. This is because he suffered from gonorrhea that he thought everyone has the diseases. However, from is view, war is great but when it is too much I can make pleasurable thing to be tiresome. Like a disease, wars spreads until people wish there could a cure for it (Halliday, 219). Therefore, cure will allow people to breath well before the next outbreak is realized. The novel also describes the real brutality that was taking place the war. It gives the real happenings of war. Some people like Henry removed themselves of the war while others who were naive still embraced the war. The novel descri bes how the Italian army caused violent chaos and destruction. Henry shot an innocent engineer who refused to free the car from the mud. This killing showed that war has inevitable occurrences. From the author’s suggestion, war is dark and murderous activity that refuses to preserve or protect the true love (Lehan, 67). Realism has been used to build the theme of games and divertissement. People are tired of war. They are trying to do other activities to deviate themselves from it. They want to avoid thinking about the war by engaging in other activities. This is realistic in a way that when one wants to avoid other things, he or she has to engage in other activities that bring diversion (Phillips, 29). Many characters in the novel try to diversify themselves from the horrors of were. They involve themselves with pleasurable activities. Henry and Catherine deviate themselves from war by flirting to forget their personal troubles. This flirting helps henry to forget about the war and enables Catherine to forget thinking about her fiancee she lost in the war. They involve themselves in horse races to ensure that their minds are far ways from the war troubles. Henry’s relationship with Catherine has caused him some suffering. To avoid thinking about that, he involves himself in pooling game with Count Greffi (Halliday, 224). Realism has also been used to

Orange Business Services Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Orange Business Services - Essay Example This aspect of the business of the firm however may not truly align with the mission of the firm to be a global leader. In order to fulfill its mission, FT has to actually expand at the global level and branching out of EU region in order to be a truly global leader in integrated communication solutions. The above mission statement of the firm is also lacking in the sense it may fail to provide quantifiable direction for the firm to fulfill. Though it has set clearly outlined objectives for itself however, considering the mission statement only of the firm, it may seem that it fails to provoke any emotional association of the employees or other involved with the firm. It is highly desirable that a mission statement must be flexible and invoke the related degree of emotions in order to be aligned with the overall firm’s direction. The overall strategic goals and objectives of the firm are described in its strategic initiatives called Conquest which sets out its overall goals an d objectives for the period 2011-2015. The overall objectives are for medium period and are divided into two phases of adaptation and conquest. The first phase will identify the investments in the network growth opportunities and during the second phase, firm intended to return to sustained revenue and cash flow growth targets. The combination of both these objectives set the overall direction of the firm between 2011-2015. During the first phase, the firm has set specific quantifiable targets of achieving EBITDA as well as other financial measures in order to critically outline as to how much firm wants to progress in next five years. (Orange, 2010) The objectives of the firm are at least clear and quantifiable for the period which firm has set for itself to achieve the target. It is however, important to note that these goals and objectives are focused more on the existing markets of the firm. The overall focus is on the existing markets and as such the emphasis that the FT would like to become a global leader in the integrated communication may not be at least manifested into the overall goals of the firm. Firm seems to be focused on further penetrating into the markets in which it is operating and most of its focus is on the EU market which is also its traditional stronghold since years. Stakeholders Source: http://www.codeproject.com/Articles/10794/Project-Management-Part-2-Stakeholders The above is a typical, general grid for stakeholder analysis wherein both the high powered and low powered stakeholders are identified and based on their interests, organization actually deal with them. A stakeholder is one which can either be affected or affect the actions of the firm and based on this they can be either internal or external to the organization. Stakeholders are normally those individuals or organizations which are directly affected by the organization and its actions. It is also important to understand that individuals may also belong to different stake holder groups and their overall role may vary under different conditions. It is therefore critically important to know the expectations of different stakeholder groups even if they fall into different categories. Viewing the overall stakeholders of FT, it is clear that the firm has actually adapted a commercial approach to deal with its stakeholders. It is however, i

Executive Summary Memo Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Executive Summary Memo - Assignment Example We also hope to become the most desired tourist destination both for the domestic and international tourists. In future, we plan to relocate to the central business development which we believe will provide us with an advantageous place. The tax incentives will give money to establish another business (Tracy, 2000). We are aggressively planning to increase the sales in the second year by about 55%. By creating a new bakery, Olympia Bakery will increase its sales volume by at least $240,000 over the next three years while maintaining the gross margin of 77%. Through the philosophy of â€Å"all is possible† regarding the products and services, Olympia Bakery will establish itself as an exceptional dessert supplier in the larger Michigan. We will gain a competitive advantage in take out. The summary outlines the concept philosophy and financial forecasted financials. Olympia Bakery is a hospitality company that is dedicated to providing high quality products in free and fair atmosphere for the clients within and without the city. Our intention is to make profit and return to our investors to continue financing our company. We strive to maintain friendly and fair relationships (Pinson, 2004). In addition we maintain creative work environment with respect to culture diversity, ideas and handwork of the members This information is necessary for the customer and the potential financier to our bakery. This information informs the customer of the company stand and is potential in the future. It can be found online at

Intravascular papillary endothelial hyperplasia

Intravascular papillary endothelial hyperplasia Intravascular papillary endothelial hyperplasia, regarding a case INTRODUCTION Intravascular papillary endothelial hyperplasia (IPEH) was first described as a malignant lesion by Pierre Masson in 1923(1), warning his histological similarity to angiosarcoma. Later, Henschen(2) described an intravascular endothelial proliferation that he interpreted like a reagent process due to inflammation and stasis vascular. We present a case of a patient diagnosed with intravascular papillary endothelial hyperplasia in renal vein. CASE REPORT 61 years old male referred to our department with symptoms compatible with right renal colic. He has previous history of hypertension, obstructive sleep apnea syndrome and benign prostatic hyperplasia with alpha-blocker therapy. The patient relates intense pain in the right flank, sometimes radiating to ipsilateral inguinal region. On physical examination revealed pain with percussion in the right flank. Blood and urine analysis, abdominal radiography and ultrasound are requested, all of them normal. Due to the persistence of symptoms, CT scan with contrast was requested (Fig. 1), in which a solid mass of 3.5 x 3 x 4 cm, lobulated and with heterogeneous necrotic center located at the right renal hilum infiltrates renal vein is seen . This mass is adjacent to lower portion of adrenal gland, kidney, and posterior portion of the duodenum, not clearly identifying dependency. To try to understand the dependence of this mass MRI is requested (Fig. 2), which describes hypointense on T1 and hyperintense on T2 tumor, with probable adrenal gland dependence. Suspecting adrenal injury, hormonal and metabolic study is carried on in blood and urine of 24 hours, all was normal. Scintigraphy was also performed with MIBG finding no enhancing lesions. Given previous findings, and the likelihood of adrenal malignancy (nonfunctional), surgery is decided. By a subcostal laparotomy, a tumor about 4 cm, firmly adhered to the renal hilum is observed. Right radical nephrectomy is performed due to impossibility the tumor excision alone. Postoperative course without incidences and the patient was discharged on the fourth day. Microscopic examination of the surgical specimen revealed kidney and adrenal gland unaltered. Near of the renal hilum and, at least partially, contained within a dilated vein, thrombosis and endothelial reactive area proliferation (capillary and papillary), compatible with papillary endothelial hyperplasia intravascular (Fig 3). Currently the patient is reviewed every six months, with analytical tests and CT normal. DISCUSSION Enzinger and Clearkin(3) suggested several morphological features that served in the differential diagnosis between IPEH and angiosarcoma, including intraluminal location of the lesion, absence of necrotic tissue and presence of thrombotic material, and proposed the intravascular papillary endothelial hyperplasia term. The etiology of IPEH is still unknown. Trauma has been proposed as the main etiological factor, but the traumatic history is exceptional. Several authors agree with the view of Clearkin and Salyer who believe it is due to an alteration in the thrombosis process, consisting of an unusual and peculiar way of organizing thrombus.( 3,6 ) IPEH can occur at any age, more frequently in female. Most of the cases are localized to skin vessels, in head and neck, where they appear as small hard mass of bluish red coloration to the skin. Although there have also been less frequent locations as jejunum, central nervous system, liver, and lungs (4,5). Three forms have been described: Primary, on dilated vascular lakes; secondary or mixed, with preexisting vascular lesion as hemangioma , arteriovenous malformations or pyogenic granuloma; and the third and less frequent, extravascular, resulting in a hematoma (7). The finding of IPEH in the renal vein is rare, there are very few cases reflected in the literature. The symptoms are variable, ranging from an incidental finding, asymptomatic, to colic pain and hematuria. In imaging, with the CT scan with contrast we can find a solid lesion with heterogeneous contrast enhancement, and in MRI a lesion hypointense on T1 and hyperintense on T2 , which does not exclude malignancy(8, 9). In a case reported(10), preoperative diagnosis was performed with excision of the lesion and kidney preservation. But in most cases, it was impossible to rule out malignancy, and the radical surgery is usual, either for technic impossibility by proximity to the renal vessels, or the suspicion of malignancy. No metastases or malignant degeneration has been reported. Preoperative diagnosis of IPEH is difficult as there are no characteristic symptoms or an imaging test that allows adequate differential diagnosis. There are several neoplastic and non-neoplastic lesions that can be found in the renal hilum. Among them: renal carcinoma, angiomyolipoma , schwannoma , myelolipoma , hemangiopericytoma , lymphoma, cysts, Castleman disease or lipomas. Therefore, this condition, although rare, must fall within the diagnostic possibilities, especially if their dependency or proximity to vessels is detected. CONFLICT OF INTEREST The authors declare no conflict of interest REFERENCES Masson P. Hemangioendothelioma vegetant intra-vasculaire. Bull Soc Anat Paris 1923;93:517–23. Henschen F. L ´endovasculite proliferante thrombopoietique dans la lesion vasculaire locale. Ann anat Pathol 1932;9:113-21. Clearkin KP, Enzinger FM. Intravascular papillary endotelial hiperplasia. ARch Pathol Lab MEd 1976;10:441-4. Johraku A, Miyanaga N, Sekido N, et al. A case of Intravascular Papillary Endothelial Hyperplasia Arising from Renal sinus.Jpn J clin Oncol 1997; 27(6) 433-36. Pelosi G, Sonzogni A, VIale G. Intravascular Papillary Endothelial Hyperplasia of the renal vein. Int J Surg Pathol 19(4) 518-20 Salyer WR, Salyer DC. Intravascular angiomatosis: development and distinction from agniosarcoma. Cancer. 1975; 36: 995-1001 Hashimoto H, Daimaru Y, Enjoji M. Intravascular papillary endothelial hyperplasia. A clinicopathological study of 91 cases. AM J Dermatopathol. 1983; 5:539-46 Kuo T, Sayers CP, Rosai J. Masson ´s `Vegetant intravascular hemangioendothelioma ´: a lesion often mistaken for angiosarcoma. Cancer 1976; 38: 1227-36. Van den bogaert S, Boel K, Van Poppel H, et al. Masson ´s tumour of the kidney. Cancer Imaging. 2002; 2: 116-9. Akhtar M, Aslam MAL-Mana H, et al. Intravascular Papillary endothelial Hyperpasia of Renal Vein. Arch Pathol Lab med. 2005;129: 516-520 LEGENDS TO FIGURES Fig.1CT: heterogeneous mass with necrotic core located in the right renal hilum. Fig. 2 T1-weighted MR image: hypointense mass on the right renal hilum. Fig. 3 Histological specimen. Close to the renal vascular pole and partially including a dilated vein, an intravascular thrombus and a reactive endothelial proliferation zone (capillary and papillaroid) are observed. Fig. 4 Greater magnification of the previous image, which can be seen proliferation of papillary structures that tend to anastomose that are lined by a row of endothelial cells, centered on an axis of collagen and fibrin. No images of necrosis, atypia or mitosis (not characteristic of malignancy) were observed.

Decubitis Ulcers :: essays research papers fc

1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Decubitis Ulcers are also known as bed sores.(Marsh 1) They are mostly seen in Geriatrics patients. They occur in people who are put on bed rest, or long periods of wheelchair use. â€Å"A traumatic decubitis ulcer is precipitated by continuous pressure on the skin and deep tissue with ischemic necrosis† (Plewig 369). These particular ulcers are mainly found on bony parts of the body. They develop when the cells die because there is a tremendous amount of pressure put on the skin and it is trapped between a mattress or chair and tiny blood vessels collapse. The parts of the body that are affected by these ulcers are the back of the head, ear, shoulders, elbows, hips, sacrum, knees, ankles, and heels. Decubitis ulcers can be classified into three grades. (1) Area is more reddened, skin is dry. (2) Area is more reddened, epidermal layer of the skin is broken, and blisters form. (3) Deeper layers of the skin are affected, blisters are broken open, and bone m ay be visible. (Hegner, Caldwell 421) 2. Before treating decubitis ulcers, viewing of the nurse or caregivers feelings about the care is important. Heshe should determine whether or not they agree with the patients wishes and is capable of completing that care. â€Å"When making these decisions, consider the stage of the ulcer and the treatment needed, the benefits and the burdens of the treatment, and the anticipated treatment outcome† (Darkovich 47). After these views are looked at, there are many treatments available. If the area is reddened, all that is needed is a gentle massage. If the skin is open, bacteriostatic agents, antiseptic sprays, and antibiotic ointments are used to reduce or prevent bacteria. The surgical process called grafting is practiced to treat these ulcers. This is when a patch of skin is removed from one part of the body, and is placed onto the infected area. Sheepskin pads, alternating air pressure mattresses, heel protectors, and egg crate mattresses are also used. (Hegner, Caldwell 427 ) 3. The first lab test that I found is a urinalysis. This is a test of the urine to detect alcohol, drugs, sugar, and other abnormal substences. This tells us if there is any bacteria in the body, and if it is located in the decubitis ulcer, so we can know if it is infected or not. The second lab test that is done on these ulcers is CD, this determines the antigens on the white blood cells.